Forest fire
Quickly extinguish vegetation fires
Drought Risk
Wildfire Prevention and Control
As climate change intensifies drought periods in nature, the risk of wildfires continues to rise. The “wildfire season” is lengthening and becoming more severe year after year. Consequently, the challenges facing fire‑suppression technologies are growing ever more daunting. The goal is to extinguish vegetation fires quickly while using minimal water—and at the same time avoiding additional environmental harm.
Key Risks:
High temperatures and little rainfall.
Coniferous forest
Arson
Wildfire types
Forest fires can be classified into several types, including ground fires, crown fires, aerial fires, and stem fires.
Ground fire
Wildfires, also known as surface fires or ground fires, are typically ignited during dry periods by sources such as tobacco‑related debris, barbecuing, and agricultural burning. This is a common type of forest fire. The flames ignite leaf litter and dead branches, spreading rapidly in an elliptical pattern. In severe cases, surface fires can escalate into large‑scale wildfires.
Crown fire
Although surface fires primarily spread horizontally rather than vertically, wind conditions can still trigger crown fires—flames leaping from one tree to another along the canopy. Crown fires spread more rapidly than surface fires and may even outpace them. When crown fires and surface fires occur simultaneously, they are collectively referred to as the fire regime.
Airborne Fire
When burning objects or materials are lifted by hot air currents, aerial fires are formed; such fires often accelerate the spread of forest fires.
Trunk fire
Trunk fires are triggered by lightning strikes or impacts from fireworks and firecrackers. Although relatively rare, they can nonetheless ignite ground fires.
Firefighting Technical Requirements
Mobility is a critical factor in combating forest fires. Fire trucks cannot penetrate deep into the forest interior. In addition to the rate of fire spread, meteorological factors such as wind speed and direction demand swift and agile response. Meanwhile, the lack of infrastructure in forested areas makes water conservation paramount; rapid fire suppression must be achieved with minimal water consumption—25 to 50 liters per minute. Rugged terrain and the rapidity of fire spread often make it difficult for firefighters to reach the ignition source, exposing them to significant hazards.
Emergency Vehicles: Robust and Equipped with Advanced Technology
Forest firefighting operations require all‑terrain fire trucks that can both suppress fires and provide comprehensive protection for emergency responders. At present, only a handful of fire departments are equipped with forest fire trucks (TLF‑W). These vehicles, specifically designed for forest firefighting, feature large‑capacity water tanks, thermal‑resistant construction, and the capability to enable firefighters to extinguish fires directly while on the move. They also offer exceptional off‑road mobility, onboard protective systems, and breathing‑air interfaces. Nevertheless, in most cases, forest fires still rely on standard TLFs or heavy‑duty ladder trucks (HLF) fitted with additional equipment. With the addition of fire‑suppression monitoring devices, firefighters can carry out suppression from a safe distance. It is recommended to install a proportioning system—such as our FZ1000 model—on these vehicles; this system mixes low‑concentration foam concentrate to produce a wetting agent, enabling rapid fire suppression while conserving water.
Wetting agents help extinguish forest fires more quickly while reducing water consumption.
Wetting agents are aqueous formulations that achieve fire suppression by reducing surface tension. They are prepared by adding multi‑stage foam concentrates or wetting agents to firefighting water in specific proportions. By lowering surface tension, these agents can penetrate more deeply into combustible materials such as wood than conventional firefighting water. As a result, forest fires can be extinguished more rapidly with reduced water and foam‑agent consumption, cutting costs while boosting extinguishing efficiency by up to 99%. Moreover, the foam‑concentrate industry now offers formulations tailored for forest and vegetation fires; manufacturers claim these products are biodegradable when used as prescribed. Foam concentrates must be diluted at very low ratios, typically between 0.1% and 0.5%, and this dilution should be carried out using dedicated mixing systems, such as the portable DZ1000 mixer.
The portable proportional mixing system is suitable for mobile operations.
Portable proportioning systems are indispensable equipment for forest firefighting. Designed to be lightweight and compact, they can be carried by one or two personnel, depending on the model. FireDos’s DZ1000 series proportioning systems ensure precise mixing of foam concentrate across the entire operating range, with simple, step‑by‑step adjustments to change the mix ratio during operation. This provides flexibility for a wide variety of firefighting scenarios, such as vegetation fires or forest fires. As noted earlier, the DZ1000 series can produce a wetting agent even at low water flow rates—starting from 80 liters per minute. The system is compatible with all nozzle types and well suited for impact‑type firefighting operations.
Firefighting robot for hazardous areas
In addition to logistical and rescue operations, fire departments can also deploy firefighting robots when tackling forest fires. Equipped with fire‑suppression monitors, these robots can enter hazardous areas to extinguish flames at close range, thereby safeguarding the health of emergency responders.
Fire risk
Dry season: high temperatures and little rainfall
The duration of prolonged droughts has been increasing year by year, further exacerbating the risk of forest fires. In windy conditions, the danger escalates even more.
Coniferous forest
Coniferous forests—particularly resin‑rich pine forests—are generally more susceptible to wildfires due to their higher flammability. Historically, pine forests were often monospecific stands rather than the mixed forests cultivated by humans. With wider tree spacing, these forests provide greater pathways for wind to spread flames, thereby accelerating fire spread. Another contributing factor is the scarcity of deadwood; in deciduous forests, fallen logs act as a reservoir of moisture. Moreover, soil organisms decompose conifer needles more slowly, leading to a greater accumulation of combustible material. Overall, deciduous forests store more water and burn less efficiently. Additionally, leaf litter shields the forest floor from direct sunlight, helping deciduous and mixed forests maintain cooler, moister, and shadier conditions.
Arson
The most common cause of forest fires is arson, which must be distinguished between accidental and deliberate ignition.
Typical Applications
Developing a Fire Prevention Plan: Key Considerations
Strengthen fire prevention education for forest visitors.
Keep fire access routes clear.
Establish sufficient water collection points—including in hard-to-reach areas.
Equipped with mobile, compact fire-extinguishing equipment to enable independent firefighting at infrastructure sites.
Employing wetting agent technology, rapid fire suppression is achieved with minimal water and foam consumption.
A robust fire truck equipped with a fire‑extinguishing monitoring system and a proportioning mixer can produce a wetting agent.
Deploying firefighting robots in hazardous areas
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